<aside> 👨🏼‍💻 Python supports a range of types to store sequences. Bytes and bytearray objects contain single bytes.

</aside>

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base64

This module provides functions for encoding binary data to printable ASCII characters and decoding such encodings back to binary data.

• Encodings are suitable for encoding binary data so that it can safely sent by email, used as parts of URLs, or included as part of an HTTP POST request.

The interface supports:

• encoding bytes-like objects to ASCII bytes

• decoding bytes-like objects or strings containing ASCII to bytes.

• base64.b64encode(s, altchars=None) → Encode the bytes-like objects using Base64 and return the encoded bytes.

• base64.b64decode(s, altchars=None, validate=False) → Decode the Base64 encoded bytes-like object or ASCII string s and return the decoded bytes.

# Example
import base64
encoded = base64.b64encode(b'data to be encoded')
encoded
b'ZGF0YSB0byBiZSBlbmNvZGVk'
data = base64.b64decode(encoded)
data
b'data to be encoded'

io (Core tools for working with streams)

The io module provides Python’s main facilities for dealing with various types of I/O.

Types:

• text: Text I/O expects and produces str objects.

  To create a text stream is with open(), (optionally specifying an encoding)

  f = open("myfile.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8")

  In-memory text streams are also available as StringIO objects:

  f = io.StringIO("some initial text data")

• Binary: Binary I/O expects bytes-like objects and produces bytes objects. (No encoding, decoding, or newline translation is performed.)

• raw: Raw I/O generally used as a low-level building-block for binary and text streams

  f = open("myfile.jpg", "rb", buffering=0)

Base casses: